The integration of interdisciplinary scientific approaches into interior architecture plays a crucial role in its evolution. One of the most significant contributions to this field is sensory design, which draws from perceptual psychology to introduce new perspectives. Sensory design enhances user experiences by engaging multiple senses, fostering emotional connections, and creating more immersive environments. This study examines the influence of sensory design elements on retail interiors, with a specific emphasis on user engagement and experience. While previous research has examined sensory design, most studies have primarily addressed its short-term effects, overlooking its sustainable integration beyond visual aesthetics. To address this gap, the present study proposes a model that assesses the long-term impact of sensory design in retail spaces. This model integrates various sensory components to enhance aesthetics, emotional engagement, and perceptual interactions over time.A holistic and multisensory approach to retail interior design is essential in meeting users’ psychological, emotional, and experiential needs. Retail spaces, by their very nature, engage multiple senses simultaneously, making it ineffective to evaluate them based on a single sensory dimension. Instead, a well-balanced sensory integration strategy is necessary to maintain engagement without overwhelming users. Multisensory neurons in the brain integrate distinct sensory inputs to create a cohesive experience, emphasizing the importance of combining sensory elements in architectural design. Integrating visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile components not only enhances visual appeal but also strengthens emotional interaction, ultimately leading to a more meaningful and engaging user experience.This study employs a mixed-methods approach grounded in sensory design theory. Initially, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify key sensory design factors in retail spaces. In the qualitative phase, open and axial coding were used to establish relationships among extracted categories. To gain deeper insights, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 experts in interior architecture and retail design. The data from these interviews were analyzed using MAXQDA software to identify patterns and themes related to sensory design. Based on these qualitative findings, a structured questionnaire was developed for the quantitative phase of the study. A pilot survey with 30 users was conducted to determine an appropriate sample size using Cochran’s formula, which ultimately resulted in a sample of 61 participants. Finally, a total of 95 users completed the questionnaire, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26 to interpret the data.The findings of this study reveal significant challenges in creating retail environments that are both engaging and aesthetically appealing. Many retail spaces currently lack emotional connection, optimized sensory engagement, stress reduction mechanisms, inclusivity, and effective user interactions. Addressing these barriers requires a strategic application of sensory design principles. Key elements such as lighting, color, texture, sound, and scent must be thoughtfully integrated to maximize sensory stimulation. By doing so, designers can strengthen emotional connections, enhance user experiences, and reduce spatial monotony. Moreover, effective sensory design fosters user interaction, optimizes functionality, and promotes comprehensive engagement.The study identifies several critical factors that contribute to effective sensory design in retail interiors. These include visual aesthetics, meaning and identity, lighting and acoustics, functionality and ergonomics, comprehensive sensory perception, coherence, visual organization, and brand-related sensory associations. Users value visual elements and a strong sense of meaning and identity, recognizing their significant impact on a space’s sensory quality. Therefore, retail design should incorporate semantic and identity-related elements to enhance the sensory experience. By embedding meaning and identity into design elements, designers can create more engaging environments that resonate with users on an emotional and psychological level.Furthermore, sensory design plays a vital role in enhancing brand identity and consumer loyalty. Retail spaces that successfully integrate sensory elements aligned with a brand’s identity can create lasting impressions on customers. For instance, consistent use of specific colors, scents, and textures associated with a brand can reinforce brand recognition and evoke positive emotional responses. This strategic application of sensory design strengthens brand engagement and fosters customer retention.The implications of this study extend beyond retail interiors to broader architectural applications. Sensory design principles can be applied to various built environments, including hospitality, healthcare, and workplace settings, to enhance user well-being and experience. In healthcare settings, for example, sensory design can contribute to stress reduction and patient comfort by incorporating calming colors, natural materials, and soothing sounds. Similarly, in workplace environments, thoughtful sensory integration can improve employee productivity and satisfaction.Ultimately, this study advances our understanding of the influence of sensory design on retail architecture and user engagement. By emphasizing the importance of a holistic, multisensory approach, it highlights the need for designers to move beyond traditional aesthetics and consider the broader implications of sensory experiences. Future research can further explore how technological advancements, such as virtual and augmented reality, can enhance sensory design in retail and other architectural domains. As the field of interior architecture continues to evolve, the integration of sensory design will remain a crucial factor in shaping spaces that are not only visually appealing but also emotionally and experientially enriching.

Designing market operator (MO) combined with distributed network operator (DNO) for systems constituting a network of Micro grids (MG) is the main goal of this paper. Energy storage (ES) devices and demand response resources from one MG can also participate as consumer and/or generator (known as Prosumer) with other MGs within the proposed structure. When the Prosumers are functioning as generators, they try to maximize their profit. However, the Prosumers try to minimize market clearing price (MCP) and to participate in the game structure for reaching Nash equilibrium when they are participating as consumer. The outcome of the proposed algorithm is the optimal power share for different players in the market which satisfies the aforementioned goals for each player. Additionally, the amount of obtained profit by each player is determined. The proposed controller is a hierarchical bi-level controller and its ability has been evaluated in the optimum control of a network of MGs consisting of distributed energy resources. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to encourage the market participation and to improve the profit for participants.

This paper examines in detail the little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of the Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq architecture in the area. The original scheme of the mosque was unclear. The lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on the west (qibla) side of the courtyard are the central core of the mosque. The main aim of the article is to analyse the architecture of the mosque and demonstrate its association with the architectural style of the Saljuq mosque in the Khurasan area.  During the conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearthed. The new findings shed light on the original features of the mosque and revealed its formation. The paper describes the city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and then analyses the present information for replying to the research questions. Owing to the outcomes of the archaeological investigation, the study suggests the general scheme of the mosque as a further example of the two- īwān mosque, which may be dated to the late years of the 6th /12th century. Despite the importance of the mosque, no lengthy study has been published about the building. The accurate drawing of the plan and sections of this monument, with the proposal scheme for the reconstruction of the mosque, are being published in this paper for the first time.

A Study of Geometry in Islamic Architecture by Professor Golroo Najibaaghlou is a valuable work in the field of Islamic architecture. This book has a detailed preface, a brief introduction, and five main sections. As it is known from the introduction of the book, this book was originally written for a non-Iranian audience. The first purpose of writing this book is to try to moderate public belief about geometry and the stages of compilation and discussion in Islamic architecture. Another purpose is to correct the negative view of the geometric documentation of Islamic architecture in the West, because such a view has created a kind of reluctance to equate the works of Islamic architecture with the great works of classical Western architecture. In addition, Najibaaghlou wants to reject and respond to Western criticism that reduces Islamic architecture to the level of an unedited work. In the final chapter of the book, Najibaaghlou looks at the compiled documents of Islamic architecture from a Western perspective and highlights some of the missed points of geometric sciences, including clarifying conceptualization, recording, and transferring architectural design in the Islamic world.

After entering the business activities on the online business environment and increasing financial opportunity of this environment, competition between on line companies for maximizing use of resources increased. So most of practitioners in online business scope believe that brand and branding is the best competitive advantage for e-retailers. This has resulted in more attention to branding strategies and principle in cyberspace by e-retailers. This research has been done due to the rapid growth of online retail business in the country of Iran 8.The purpose of this research was to provide a model for online retail branding according to virtual business structure of Iran to supply the rapid growth of online branding. In this study for accessing the model of e-retail branding has been used qualitative method of Grounded theory. The rational for collecting data in this way, is semi-structured interview. This interviews done with key informants from the internet e-retail branding that worked in e-retail store. The method of collecting data from interviews used three way of coding as open Coding, axial and selective coding. After doing these steps the final method gained. In this study interviews continues until theoretical saturation. In the process of doing this study, try to regard all the circumstances that connected with the central phenomenon of research then with this consideration expressed the final model of e-retail branding.